Proteins are long-chain organic molecules. They are built from a collection of 20 small organic molecules called amino acids. Most proteins consist of a chain comprising a sequence of hundreds of amino acids. Once formed the protein folds and tangles into a particular shape. The shape that it takes up determines its properties and function in the body.

The collection of all human genes is called the human genome, comprising about 30,000 genes altogether. Each gene governs the sequence of amino acids required to build a particular protein. Sometimes the same protein is expressed by more than one gene. The complete collection of proteins expressed by the genes is called the human proteome.

Proteins fold as a consequence of the properties of the amino acids: they have a tendency to stick together, following certain rules. A particular amino acid is not able to stick to all of the other 19, but only to some of them. Human cells contain mechanisms that help proteins to fold properly and to remove ones that have not, as they could interfere with the proper functioning of the cell.

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